Alum Prices and Forecasts | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameAlum
HS CODE283330
CAS Number10043-67-1
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
CurrencyUS$ (Data can also be provided in local currency)
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of  the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time Alum Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/alum-price-trends/pricerequest

The hydrated double sulphate salt of aluminium with one X cation is called alum. Alum is a naturally occurring crystalline stone that has been used for its therapeutic powers since it is both antibacterial and astringent since ancient times. It is available in a crystalline form; however, it is usually in powder form. The cation can be swapped by several other elements based on the properties that Alum changes. Of all Alums, aluminium potassium sulphate is the most common, in which a Potassium ion replaces the X cation.

Aluminium sulphate has the ability to form various alums with sulphates that have single-charged cations of potassium, ammonium, sodium, caesium, and other such elements and compounds.

Guinea, Australia, Indonesia, Brazil, and China are the leading alum-producing countries.

Key Details About the Alum Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the Alum price in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The Alum price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Alum Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

Since ancient times, alum has been widely employed as a flocculation agent. Additionally, it is used by a variety of end users, including leather, textiles, and paper, among others.

Furthermore, it is used in many different forms for various purposes, such as water filtration and as an adjuvant in vaccines. It is also utilised as a key component in modelling clay, which is used by both commercial and household purposes. Moreover, it also finds application as well as in deodorant, skin whitener, several types of toothpaste, hair removal treatments, flame retardants, and baking powder as the acidic component.

Key Market Players:

• Merck KGaA
• Zibo Dazhong Edible Chemical
• Nutrien

News and Events:

• August 17, 2022: Merck, a leader in research and technology, signed a contract committing to the purchase of Mekaro, a publicly traded Korean producer of heater blocks and chemical precursors for semiconductors, for its chemical business. The transaction is a component of Merck’s Level Up Growth Program for the electronics industry, which is focused on four interconnected, crucial emphases and involves a combined investment in capabilities and innovation that exceeds USD 1 billion. Technology, scale, abilities, and portfolio are these priorities.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Jolie Alexa
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

M-Xylene Project Report, Forecasts & News | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameM-Xylene
HS CODE29024200
Industrial UsesRubber Industry, Production of gasoline, Leather industry
Supplier DatabaseMerck KGaA, Honeywell International Inc., Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL COMPANY INC.
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of  the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time M-Xylene Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/m-xylene-price-trends/pricerequest

M-Xylene is a colourless, odourless liquid that is insoluble in water and has a lower density than in water. Xylenes are the general name for m-xylene, which consists of three dimethylbenzene isomers. M-xylene is recovered together with other xylenes through adsorptive separation of a mixture of C8 aromatics, which is further followed by separation to produce m-xylene. It has a molecular weight of 106.16 g/mol and a chemical formula of C8H10. It is also known as 1,3-dimethylbenzene and has HS code 29024200.
China is the world’s biggest producer of m-xylene, followed by Saudi Arabia and the United States.

Key Details About the M-Xylene Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the m-xylene price, carbon black price and phthalic anhydride price etc. in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The m-xylene price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting M-Xylene Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

The industrial applications of m-xylene include producing isophthalic acid as a copolymerising agent. It is also used as a solvent in printing rubber and leather, a common component for inks, petrol, tobacco, leather, glues, and in solvent and synthetic intermediates.

Key Market Players:

• Merck KGaA
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Chevron Phillips Chemical Company
• MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL COMPANY INC.

News and Events:

• In 2021, tThe crystals of trianglimine of m-xylene underwent a new advancement in absorptive separation and molecular recognition.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Chris Byrd
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Bisphenol A Prices and Forecasts | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameBisphenol A
HS CODE290723
CAS Number80-05-7
Supplier DatabaseThe Dow Chemical Company, Teijin Co., Ltd, LG Chem, SABIC, Kumho P&B Chemicals. Inc.
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of  the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time Bisphenol A Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/bisphenol-a-price-trends/pricerequest

One of the most common plasticizers utilised by the plastic manufacturing sectors as one of the elements to reinforce polymers is Bisphenol-A. Since it is hydrophobic by nature, it is created by the condensation of acetone and phenol and is soluble in organic solvents.

When acetone and phenol are combined, a cation-change resin catalyst is present to catalyse the reaction, which results in the production of bisphenol-A.

South Korea, China, Japan, Singapore, and Thailand are leading exporters in the market of Bisphenol A.

Key Details About the Bisphenol A Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the Bisphenol A price in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The Bisphenol A price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Bisphenol A Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

Bisphenol A is primarily utilised in the production of polycarbonate plastic, but it is also widely employed in coating metallic objects, closures for containers and bottles, spectacles and goggles, and other safety gear like helmets and safety glasses.

Key Market Players:

• The Dow Chemical Company
• Teijin Co., Ltd.
• LG Chem
• SABIC
• Kumho P&B Chemicals. Inc.

News and Events:

• August 24, 2022: National Chemical Laboratory will establish a new Bisphenol A production facility while taking the demand for the substance into consideration.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Jolie Alexa
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Iridium Prices and Forecasts | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameIridium
Industrial UsesCosmetics, Crystals, Industrial appliances, Medical appliances, Coating for non-conductive materials
Supplier DatabaseUmicore N.V, BASF SE, Russian Platinum, Anglo American Platinum Limited, Johnson Matthey
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
CurrencyUS$ (Data can also be provided in local currency)
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time Iridium Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/iridium-price-trends/pricerequest

The chemical element iridium (Ir) has the atomic number 77. It is a transition metal with a white-silverish hue, and is extremely hard and brittle by nature. It has significant density naturally and is known to be the second densest metal after Osmium.The second-densest naturally occurring metal and a member of the platinum group is the metal in question (after osmium). It is the most resistant to corrosion and can withstand temperatures of up to 2000 °C.

Chinese Taipei, Japan, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Germany are leading iridium-producing countries worldwide.

Key Details About the Iridium Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the Iridium price in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The Iridium price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Iridium Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

Due to its high melting point, iridium is used in numerous industrial fields, including the production of premium spark plugs for general aviation aircraft. It is also used to build crucibles that are used to create sapphire crystals as well as containers for melting and working with other industrial-grade metals.

Key Market Players:

• Umicore N.V
• BASF SE
• Russian Platinum
• Anglo American Platinum Limited
• Johnson Matthey

News and Events:

• September 2022: Prices for iridium fell by 65.67 percent in the week ending September 16, 2022. There was a 0.96 percent price increase on September 20, 2022. On September 21, 2022, the price did alter and increased by 4.14 percent. INR 0.871641 is the current price per IRD. Iridium, however, is still 95.64 percent behind the record high of INR 19.981875, currently.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Jolie Alexa
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Isobutene Raw Materials, Manufacturing Process | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameIsobutene
HS CODE29012990
Supplier DatabaseBASF, Evonik, LyondellBasell Industries., Global Bioenergies, ExxonMobil
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
CurrencyUS$ (Data can also be provided in local currency)
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time Isobutene Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/isobutene-price-trends/pricerequest

Isobutene is an alkene with a four-carbon branching chain that is highly flammable and colourless and has a gasoline-like odour. The central nervous system may be harmed by extended exposure, and some evidence of carcinogenic activity has also been found.

Isobutene is used to make gasoline with a high-octane rating. Isobutene can cause frostbite when it comes into contact with the skin. As a liquefied gas, isobutene is transported. Isobutene has a mass per molecular weight of 56.10 g/mol.

By catalytically dehydrating isobutane in the presence of a sufficient catalyst, isobutene is produced. As a highly endothermic and pressure- and temperature-limited process, obtaining a high yield of isobutene needs a relatively high temperature and low pressure.

Key Details About the Isobutene Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the isobutene price, tin plate price and dihydro myrcenol price etc. in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The isobutene price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Isobutene Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

The industrial uses of isobutene are in the production of tyres, hoses, adhesives, and sealants are what drive its price trend. Antioxidant production also uses isobutene as a production intermediary.

Key Market Players:

• BASF
• Evonik
• LyondellBasell Industries.
• Global Bioenergies
• ExxonMobil

News and Events:

September 06, 2021: New enzymes have recently been created to increase the production of renewable isobutene.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Chris Byrd
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Sunflower Oil Prices and Forecasts | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameSunflower Oil
Industrial UsesFrying oil, Mayonnaise and oil-based dressings Cosmetics, Emollient
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of  the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time Sunflower Oil Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/sunflower-oil-price-trends/pricerequest

A non-volatile pressed oil made from sunflower seeds is called sunflower oil. Due to its high smoke point and mild composition, it is frequently used for frying in cooking applications. It is available in a variety of forms with varied formulae and health benefits.

Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat, make up the majority of sunflower oil. Oils with various fatty acid ratios can be produced by applying selective breeding and manufacturing techniques. The oil has a bland flavour and a significant level of vitamin E. Linoleic, high oleic, and NuSun sunflower oil are the three main varieties of sunflower oil.

Ukraine, Russia, Netherlands, Bulgaria, and Argentina are the major regions that produce sunflower oil.

Key Details About the Sunflower Oil Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the Sunflower Oil price in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The Sunflower Oil price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Sunflower Oil Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

Sunflower oil is mostly utilised in the production of mayonnaise and other dressings on an oil basis. Shortenings and margarine can be made using the oil after it has been hydrogenated.

Due to its low amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-oleic sunflower oil is often used for industrial frying. When compared to nonhydrogenated oils like canola, cottonseed, soybean, and corn, mid-oleic sunflower oil has improved frying properties.

Key Market Players:

• Kernel
• EFKO Group
• ASTON JSC
• Cargill Incorporated
• Optimus Agro
• Bunge Limited
• Adams Group

News and Events:

• September 1, 2022: The integrity of India’s edible oil imports was disturbed by the suspension of commerce through Black Sea corridors as a result of the Russia-Ukraine war, India will therefore purchase between 50 and 60,000 metric tonnes of Ukrainian sunflower oil.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Jolie Alexa
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Neopentyl Glycol Price History and Forecast Analysis | Provided by Procurement Resource

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameNeopentyl Glycol
ApplicationsPaints & Coatings, Adhesives & Sealants, Lubricants, Plasticizers, Insulation Materials
Supplier DatabaseBASF SE, Eastman Chemical Company, MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC, Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd, OXEA GmbH, TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd, LG Chem Ltd
Region/Countries CoveredAsia Pacific: China , India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Thailand,  South Korea, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Nepal,  Taiwan, Sri Lanka, UAE, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore,  Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Australia, and New Zealand
Europe: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy,  Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden,  Belgium, Austria, Ireland Switzerland , Norway,  Denmark, Romania, Finland, Czech Republic, Portugal and Greece
North America: United States and Canada
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia,  Chile, Ecuador, and Peru
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of  the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Request for Real Time Neopentyl Glycol Prices: https://www.procurementresource.com/resource-center/neopentyl-glycol-price-trends/pricerequest

Neopentyl glycol is an organic chemical compound also known as 2,2-dimetnylpropane-1,3-diol. When utilised in the manufacturing process, neopentyl glycol increases the polyester product’s resistance to heat, light, and water. Neopentyl glycol has a molecular weight of 104.148 g/mol.

By esterifying fatty or carboxylic acids, it is possible to produce synthetic lubricating esters with lower oxidation or hydrolysis potential than natural esters. In the Aldo process, two carbonyl compounds are mixed to create Aldol, which is then used to manufacture neopentyl glycol on a massive scale. This produces the intermediate hydroxypivaldehyde, which can then be processed by either a palladium on carbon hydrogenation procedure or a Cannizzaro reaction with formaldehyde to produce neopentyl glycol.

The nations that produce neopentyl glycol are South Korea, Japan, the US, Brazil, and Sweden.

Key Details About the Neopentyl Glycol Price Trend:

Procurement Resource does an in-depth analysis of the price trend to bring forth the monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly information on the neopentyl glycol price, tin plate price and dihydro myrcenol price etc. in its latest pricing dashboard. The detailed assessment deeply explores the facts about the product, price change over the weeks, months, and years, key players, industrial uses, and drivers propelling the market and price trends.

Each price record is linked to an easy-to-use graphing device dated back to 2014, which offers a series of functionalities; customization of price currencies and units and downloading of price information as excel files that can be used offline.

The neopentyl glycol price trend, pricing database, and analysis can prove valuable for procurement managers, directors, and decision-makers to build up their strongly backed-up strategic insights to attain progress and profitability in the business.

Industrial Uses Impacting Neopentyl Glycol Price Trend:

Price Trend Image

Because it improves the product’s durability toward water, light, and heat, neopentyl glycol is used in a variety of industrial applications, including the creation of polyesters. Additionally, it is also used in lubricants, insulation, paints, and other products.

Key Market Players:

• BASF SE
• Eastman Chemical Company
• MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC.
• Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
• OXEA GmbH
• TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd.
• LG Chem Ltd.

News and Events:

• October 01, 2021: For the first time, BASF is offering neopentyl glycol (NPG) and propionic acid (PA) with a cradle-to-gate product carbon footprint (PCF1) of zero2. The goods are created in BASF’s Ludwigshafen Verbund factory in Germany and sold under the names “NPG ZeroPCF” and “PA ZeroPCF.” BASF achieves zero PCF for NPG and PA by utilising renewable raw materials in its proprietary Verbund production system and applying the biomass balance (BMB) technique. In addition, BASF produces NPG with the help of renewable energy.

Related Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource offers in-depth research on product pricing and market insights for more than 500 chemicals, commodities, and utilities updated daily, weekly, monthly, and annually. It is a cost-effective, one-stop solution for all your market research requirements, irrespective of which part of the value chain you represent.

We have a team of highly experienced analysts who perform comprehensive research to deliver our clients the newest and most up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which help in streamlining the procurement process for our clientele. Our team track the prices and production costs of a wide variety of goods and commodities, hence, providing you with the latest and consistent data.

To get real-time facts and insights to help our customers, we work with a varied range of procurement teams across industries. At Procurement Resource, we support our clients, with up-to-date and pioneering practices in the industry, to understand procurement methods, supply chain, and industry trends, so that they can build strategies to achieve maximum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Chris Byrd
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Cement Production Cost Analysis Report, Raw Materials Requirements, Costs and Key Process Information, Provided by Procurement Resource

The latest report titled cement production cost report by Procurement Resource, a global procurement research and consulting firm, provides an in-depth cost analysis of the production process of the Cement.

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameCement
Process IncludedCement Production From Limestone, Sand, Clay, and Bauxite
Segments CoveredManufacturing Process: Process Flow, Material Flow, Material Balance
Raw Material and Product/s Specifications: Raw Material Consumption, Product and Co-Product Generation, Capital Investment
Land and Site Cost: Offsites/Civil Works, Equipment Cost, Auxiliary Equipment Cost, Contingency, Engineering and Consulting Charges, Working Capital
Variable Cost: Raw Material, UtilitiesFixed Cost: Labor Requirement & Wages, Overhead Expenses, Maintenance Charges
Financing Costs: Interest on Working Capital, Interest on Loans
Depreciation Charges
General Sales and Admin Costs
Production Cost Summary
CurrencyUS$ (Data can also be provided in local currency)
Pricing and purchase optionsBasic: US$ 1499
Premium: US$ 2999
Enterprise: US$ 4799
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Procurement Resource study is based on the latest prices and other economic data available. It also offers additional analysis of the report with detailed breakdown of all cost components (capital investment details, production cost details, economics for another plant location, dynamic cost model). In addition, the report incorporates the manufacturing process with detailed process and material flow, capital investment, operating costs along with financial expenses and depreciation charges.

Procurement Resource’s detailed report describes the stepwise consumption of material and utilities along with a detailed process flow diagram. Furthermore, the study assesses the latest developments within the industry that might influence Cement production cost, looking into capacity expansions, plant turnarounds, mergers, acquisitions, and investments.

Procurement Resource Assessment of Cement Production Process:

  1. Cement Production From Limestone, Sand, Clay, and Bauxite: This report consists of a detailed cost evaluation of cement. The raw materials are sand, limestone, bauxite and clay (silicon, aluminium, iron) crushed into tiny pieces by a crusher. Other crushers further downsize the materials and make them ready to undergo pyro processing. A homogenous mix using additives is made for the production of cement in a kiln. This raw mixture is dried (less than 1 percent moisture) and crushed using a roller to produce a fine paste that is then fed to a kiln, where the raw mix is transformed into oxides and burned in the kiln. Afterwards, a series of chemical reactions occur in the clinker between calcium and silicon dioxide compounds. After leaving the kiln, the clinker is chilled to a temperature of 100-200C from 2000C by passing air. Now, various additives like ethylene glycol, gypsum and triethanolamine are added in order to improve the cement’s properties. Lastly, the final product is cooled and ground to a fine powder by rotating drums with steel balls and shifted to silos where cement’s packed.

Request Free Sample – https://www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/cement-production-from-limestone-sand-clay-and-bauxite/requestsample

Product Definition:

Cement is an adhesive for various substances, but generally, it is a binding material used in the construction sector. It is a fine powder which is mixed with water to set a hard mass. It is made by calcining clay and lime, combined with water to make mortar or mixed with gravel, sand, and water to make concrete.

Market Drivers:

Cement finds extensive use as a binding agent in the construction sector, which is primarily driving the industry’s growth. It is sued to produce concrete, as well as mortar, for securing the infrastructure. When mixed with water silicates and aluminates, it can be used for water-proofing.

Key Questions Answered in the Cement Production Cost Report:

  • What are the key drivers propelling the Cement market?
  • What are the various processes used for Cement production?
  • What are the raw materials required to produce Cement?
  • What are the different operations units involved in the production of Cement?
  • What are the manpower and utility requirements in the production process of Cement?
  • What are the various costs engaged in the production of Cement?
  • What are the construction costs involved in setting up a Cement production facility?
  • What are the working capital requirements?
  • What is the process of raw material procurement for Cement production?
  • What is the time frame for Cement plant start-up?
  • What is the pricing mechanism of Cement?

Browse More Production Cost Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource ensures that our clients remain at the vanguard of their industries by providing actionable procurement intelligence with the help of our expert analysts, researchers, and domain experts. Our team of highly seasoned analysts undertakes extensive research to provide our customers with the latest and up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which aid in simplifying the procurement process for our clientele.

Procurement Resource work with a diverse range of procurement teams across industries to get real-time data and insights that can be effectively implemented by our customers. As a team of experts, we also track the prices and production costs of an extensive range of goods and commodities, thus, providing you with updated and reliable data.

We, at Procurement Resource, with the help of the latest and cutting-edge techniques in the industry, help our clients understand the supply chain, procurement, and industry climate so that they can form strategies that ensure their optimum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Chris Byrd
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

Iodised Salt Production Cost Analysis Report: Manufacturing Process, Raw Materials Requirements, Variable Cost, Production Cost Summary and Key Process Information

The latest report titled iodised salt production cost report by Procurement Resource, a global procurement research and consulting firm, provides an in-depth cost analysis of the production process of the Iodised Salt.

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameIodised Salt
Process IncludedIodised Salt Production From the Spray Mixing Process
Iodised Salt Production From Drip Feed Process
Iodised Salt Production From Vacuum Salt Process
Segments CoveredManufacturing Process: Process Flow, Material Flow, Material Balance
Raw Material and Product/s Specifications: Raw Material Consumption, Product and Co-Product Generation, Capital Investment
Land and Site Cost: Offsites/Civil Works, Equipment Cost, Auxiliary Equipment Cost, Contingency, Engineering and Consulting Charges, Working Capital
Variable Cost: Raw Material, Utilities
Fixed Cost: Labor Requirement & Wages, Overhead Expenses, Maintenance Charges
Financing Costs: Interest on Working Capital, Interest on Loans
Depreciation Charges
General Sales and Admin Costs
Production Cost Summary
CurrencyUS$ (Data can also be provided in local currency)
Pricing and purchase optionsBasic: US$ 1499
Premium: US$ 2999
Enterprise: US$ 4799
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Procurement Resource study is based on the latest prices and other economic data available. It also offers additional analysis of the report with detailed breakdown of all cost components (capital investment details, production cost details, economics for another plant location, dynamic cost model). In addition, the report incorporates the manufacturing process with detailed process and material flow, capital investment, operating costs along with financial expenses and depreciation charges.

Procurement Resource’s detailed report describes the stepwise consumption of material and utilities along with a detailed process flow diagram. Furthermore, the study assesses the latest developments within the industry that might influence Iodised Salt production cost, looking into capacity expansions, plant turnarounds, mergers, acquisitions, and investments.

Procurement Resource Assessment of Iodised Salt Production Process:

1. Iodised Salt Production From the Spray Mixing Process: This report contains a detailed cost analysis of iodised salt. Firstly, crushed or crystalline salt is put into a feed hopper, from where it is transferred into an inclined rubber belt conveyor and lastly to a mixing chamber. Later, Potassium iodate (KIO3) is sprayed over the mixing chamber, and the salt is entirely mixed in a screw conveyor resulting in the formation of iodised salt.

Request Free Sample – https://www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/iodised-salt-production-from-the-spray-mixing-process/requestsample

2. Iodised Salt Production From Drip Feed Process: This report consists of a thorough price analysis of iodised salt. During the method, regular salt is put in a grinder containing potassium iodate. Salt crystals are ground, and potassium iodate is mixed simultaneously. Lastly, the salt is passed via a screw conveyor for potassium iodate’s homogenous mixing.

Request Free Sample – https://www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/iodised-salt-production-from-drip-feed-process/requestsample

3. Iodised Salt Production From Vacuum Salt Process: This report contains a comprehensive cost evaluation of iodised salt. During the process, a solution of potassium iodate is injected into a centrifuge that contains wet salt, which gets dried in fluidised bed dryers, thereby resulting in the formation of iodised salt.

Request Free Sample – https://www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/production-of-iodised-vacuum-salt-process/requestsample

Product Definition:

Iodised Salt is regular salt that gets incorporated with sodium iodide or potassium iodide in small quantities. It tastes and looks the same as regular salt. As iodine is not naturally produced by the body, it is fortified into table salt of minerals for preventing to deficiencies like goitre. It is important to improve the thyroid gland’s performance, which produces hormones that help in regulating metabolism and repair tissues while and promoting growth and development. There are two kinds of salt: iodide and iodate.

Market Drivers:

Iodised Salt is vital for the body in small dosages. It can help minimize the risk of any potential deficiency, which makes it a popular choice by consumers furthering its demand as it offers various benefits like enhancing metabolism, improving heart health, boosting thyroid function, removing toxins and preventing bacteria growth which boosts the product’s demand.

Key Questions Answered in the Iodised Salt Production Cost Report:

What are the key drivers propelling the Iodised Salt market?
What are the various processes used for Iodised Salt production?
What are the raw materials required to produce Iodised Salt?
What are the different operations units involved in the production of Iodised Salt?
What are the manpower and utility requirements in the production process of Iodised Salt?
What are the various costs engaged in the production of Iodised Salt?
What are the construction costs involved in setting up a Iodised Salt production facility?
What are the working capital requirements?
What is the process of raw material procurement for Iodised Salt production?
What is the time frame for Iodised Salt plant start-up?
What is the pricing mechanism of Iodised Salt?

Browse More Production Cost Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource ensures that our clients remain at the vanguard of their industries by providing actionable procurement intelligence with the help of our expert analysts, researchers, and domain experts. Our team of highly seasoned analysts undertakes extensive research to provide our customers with the latest and up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which aid in simplifying the procurement process for our clientele.

Procurement Resource work with a diverse range of procurement teams across industries to get real-time data and insights that can be effectively implemented by our customers. As a team of experts, we also track the prices and production costs of an extensive range of goods and commodities, thus, providing you with updated and reliable data.

We, at Procurement Resource, with the help of the latest and cutting-edge techniques in the industry, help our clients understand the supply chain, procurement, and industry climate so that they can form strategies that ensure their optimum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Chris Byrd
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

L-Lysine Production Cost Analysis Report 2022-2027: Manufacturing Process, Raw Materials Requirements and Cost Breakups

The latest report titled l-lysine production cost report by Procurement Resource, a global procurement research and consulting firm, provides an in-depth cost analysis of the production process of the L-Lysine.

Report FeaturesDetails
Product NameL-Lysine
Process IncludedL-Lysine Production From the Fermentation Process
L-Lysine Production From the Enzymatic Process
Segments CoveredManufacturing Process: Process Flow, Material Flow, Material Balance
Raw Material and Product/s Specifications: Raw Material Consumption, Product and Co-Product Generation, Capital Investment
Land and Site Cost: Offsites/Civil Works, Equipment Cost, Auxiliary Equipment Cost, Contingency, Engineering and Consulting Charges, Working Capital
Variable Cost: Raw Material, Utilities
Fixed Cost: Labor Requirement & Wages, Overhead Expenses, Maintenance ChargesFinancing Costs: Interest on Working Capital, Interest on Loans
Depreciation Charges
General Sales and Admin Costs
Production Cost Summary
CurrencyUS$ (Data can also be provided in local currency)
Pricing and purchase optionsBasic: US$ 1499
Premium: US$ 2999
Enterprise: US$ 4799
Customization ScopeThe report can be customized as per the requirements of the customer
Post-Sale Analyst Support360-degree analyst support after report delivery

Procurement Resource study is based on the latest prices and other economic data available. It also offers additional analysis of the report with detailed breakdown of all cost components (capital investment details, production cost details, economics for another plant location, dynamic cost model). In addition, the report incorporates the manufacturing process with detailed process and material flow, capital investment, operating costs along with financial expenses and depreciation charges.

Procurement Resource’s detailed report describes the stepwise consumption of material and utilities along with a detailed process flow diagram. Furthermore, the study assesses the latest developments within the industry that might influence L-Lysine production cost, looking into capacity expansions, plant turnarounds, mergers, acquisitions, and investments.

Procurement Resource Assessment of L-Lysine Production Process:

1. L-Lysine Production From the Fermentation Process: This report contains a comprehensive cost evaluation of l-lysine from the fermentation process. Using a high-yielding mutant strain of C, Inoculum is prepared and using tap water, glutamicum is made, which is employed during fermentation. The process of fermentation lasts upto 60 hours at a temperature of 28C. Growth factors like threonine or homoserine and methionine paired with biotin are present in ideal quantities to promote optimum l-lysine production. Lastly, l-lysine is harvested and retrieved at a temperature of 40C, and in order to prevent sporulation, tetracycline and chloramphenicol are used.

Request Free Sample – https://www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/l-lysine-production-from-the-fermentation-process/requestsample

2. L-Lysine Production From the Enzymatic Process: This report consists of a detailed price evaluation of l-lysine from the enzymatic process. by L-α amino-caprolactic hydrolase and racemase enzymes, a racemase mixture of D and L-amino- caprolactum is converted into L-α-aminocaprolactum which then gets transformed into lysine.

Request Free Sample – https://www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/l-lysine-production-from-the-enzymatic-process/requestsample

Product Definition:

L-Lysine is a crucial amino acid that is vital for promoting the growth of the tissue and its rehabilitation. It can be produced within the human body and needs to be derived from the diet or its supplements. The amino acid is required to carry out proper growth and has a crucial role in the production of carnitine, a nutrient that transforms fatty acids into energy. It is one of the nine essential amino acids that are vital for the growth and repairing the tissue. It facilitates calcium absorption in the body and forms collagen, which is necessary for bones and connective tissues like cartilage, tendons, and skin.

Market Drivers:

L-Lysine demand is increasing since it is a vital nutrient needed for the proper growth of the body. It helps produce carnitine which creates energy by transforming fatty acids. Its demand is furthering owing to its ability to promote wound healing and the ability to form collagen. It helps prevent conditions like herpes, cold sores, osteoporosis, pain etc., boosting its market growth. As a supplement, it helps enhance athletic performance and manages diabetes and blood pressure which makes it essential.

Key Questions Answered in the L-Lysine Production Cost Report:

  • What are the key drivers propelling the L-Lysine market?
  • What are the various processes used for L-Lysine production?
  • What are the raw materials required to produce L-Lysine?
  • What are the different operations units involved in the production of L-Lysine?
  • What are the manpower and utility requirements in the production process of L-Lysine?
  • What are the various costs engaged in the production of L-Lysine?
  • What are the construction costs involved in setting up a L-Lysine production facility?
  • What are the working capital requirements?
  • What is the process of raw material procurement for L-Lysine production?
  • What is the time frame for L-Lysine plant start-up?
  • What is the pricing mechanism of L-Lysine?

Browse More Production Cost Reports:

About Us:

Procurement Resource ensures that our clients remain at the vanguard of their industries by providing actionable procurement intelligence with the help of our expert analysts, researchers, and domain experts. Our team of highly seasoned analysts undertakes extensive research to provide our customers with the latest and up-to-date market reports, cost models, price analysis, benchmarking, and category insights, which aid in simplifying the procurement process for our clientele.

Procurement Resource work with a diverse range of procurement teams across industries to get real-time data and insights that can be effectively implemented by our customers. As a team of experts, we also track the prices and production costs of an extensive range of goods and commodities, thus, providing you with updated and reliable data.

We, at Procurement Resource, with the help of the latest and cutting-edge techniques in the industry, help our clients understand the supply chain, procurement, and industry climate so that they can form strategies that ensure their optimum growth.

Contact Us:

Company Name: Procurement Resource
Contact Person: Chris Byrd
Email: sales@procurementresource.com
Toll Free Number: USA & Canada – Phone no: +1 307 363 1045 | UK – Phone no: +44 7537 132103 | Asia-Pacific (APAC) – Phone no: +91 1203185500
Address: 30 North Gould Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA

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